Cannabinoid (cannabis) oil

This page from Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) describes the approach we take to cannabinoid (cannabis) oil. It has been compiled by the Palliative Care Team, Safeguarding, Social Work and Complex Epilepsy teams at GOSH.Note: This information does not apply to Epidiolex® a prescribed cannabinoid medication for complex epilepsy.

Everyone at GOSH recognises that parents and carers only wish to do the best for their children. This sometimes involves using complementary and/or alternative medicines and therapies.

There has been significant media attention recently, focused on the use of ‘natural’ chemicals extracted from the cannabis plant. These chemicals are extracted into oil and are collectively known as cannabinoid oil (also known as cannabis oil).

As clinicians, we value the open and honest discussion with parents and carers about the use of cannabinoid oils and actively encourage all parents and carers discuss this difficult subject with us. Despite the extreme importance of informing of families informing staff of administration of cannabinoid oil, we are currently in the difficult position of not being able to support administration.

GOSH will continue to work closely with the government and national bodies to ensure that we are always up to date with research evidence, national policy and licensing regulation.

There are different types and concentrations of cannabinoid oils, some of which are currently illegal.

In circumstances where we become aware that a child is being given cannabinoid oils, we will evaluate the situation in our expert team, which includes also a member of the hospital social work team.

This will be in order to assess any potential risks and whether further steps are required including involvement of the local children’s services team to consider potential safeguarding issues with the relevant authorities.

We appreciate that parents / carers may feel being placed in a challenging position but assure you that we will handle this situation as sensitively as possible, ensuring that at all times the interests of your child are paramount (the child first and always’).

The cannabis plant is very complex and is thought to contain over 100 different cannabinoids. Current focus falls on use of two specific cannabinoids found in cannabis:

• Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – main psychoactive component
• Cannabidiol (CBD) – non-psychoactive component

Epidiolex® is a pharmaceutically-prepared cannabidiol product that has been examined in clinical trials in the UK, Europe and USA, and has been shown to be effective in reducing seizures in two forms of rare epilepsy, Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome The regulatory authorities here in Europe have licenced this pure cannabidiol product for the treatment in combination with another anti-epileptic medication, Clobazam, for patients who are diagnosed with Dravet syndrome or Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. In the UK a process has been put in place for paediatric neurologists to prescribe this purified cannabidiol medication in combination with Clobazam funded by the NHS for patients diagnosed with Dravet Syndrome or Lennox Gastaut syndrome that have ongoing seizures despite of treatment with the recommended first line anti-epileptic medications.

Cannabinoid oils available either in the UK or internationally over the internet or in health food stores, at present, may contain CBD alone in varying strengths, THC alone in varying strengths or may contain a combination of both and other cannabinoids in varying ratios. Legality of the cannabinoid oils available is outlined below but may vary across international borders. Formal testing has shown that what it says on the bottle is not always reliable as there may be no quality assurance testing.

In the UK, cannabis derived products containing more than 1mg of THC are considered illegal unless it holds authorisation from the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority (MHRA). MHRA authorisation for medicinal use of a chemical or drug requires the drug to demonstrate safety and benefit in well designed, randomised studies usually against placebo (dummy therapy) or current gold standard therapy, as well meeting stringent pharmaceutical quality standards.

Cannabinoid oils advertised as containing CBD but less than 1mg of THC are available in the UK from various outlets (online and on the high street). These products are legal, if sold for the purpose of being a ‘health food supplement’ for oral ingestion (taking by mouth) or as a ‘beauty product’ when sold in cream form, and NOT sold for any purported curative or medicinal effects.

Despite being sold as ‘health food supplements’, these CBD-containing oils still contain active substances with the potential to interfere with other prescribed medication. The nature of these interactions may be to EITHER make prescribed medication less active OR more toxic.

While widely circulated communications suggest cannabinoid oils are safe and do not interfere with other medication, in reality, investigations have shown real interference with any anti-epileptic drugs metabolised (broken down) by the liver. We have also had experience of cannabis oils interfering with strong pain killers. Most routinely used medications have not yet been tested in combination with cannabinoids. There is a potential risk for interaction with regularly prescribed medications for other conditions.

Known side-effects of cannabinoids determined from clinical trials include sedation, appetite suppression, diarrhoea, dizziness and abnormal liver function.

We have no real information on the side-effect profile of cannabinoid oils, especially in young children, who may be extremely sensitive to small doses. In addition, young children are often unable to accurately describe adverse effects meaning toxicity may be under reported.

There is no information on the long-term effects of cannabinoids.

No.

No.

There are limited patients prescribed the cannabidiol drug (Epidiolex®) either who qualify through the type of epilepsy they have or who are continuing treatment following clinical trials.

While we recognise that these products are available, we cannot legally provide them for your child. Our recommendation is for these products not to be given to children, given the potential for interference with regularly prescribed medication as well as the limited available safety data relating to children.

For these reasons, GOSH has decided that we currently cannot have non-prescribed cannabinoid preparations on hospital premises. Where we discover that this product is on GOSH premises, we ask that you remove it as soon as possible and discuss it with the consultant responsible for the care of the child.